Country
Facts
Elementary
Education
Higher
Education
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HIGHER
EDUCATION
- Structure
- Higher educational institutions are
independent with regard to decision-making and to any actions which they
take in conformity with the terms their charter. Involvement by state
educational and management authorities is limited in the areas of research
and teaching to regulations outlined in the Law on Education. In general,
such involvement is confined to the licensing of educational activities;
the introduction of accreditation rules and procedures; and the
formulation of public education standards.
Academic staff has the right to elaborate and to use whichever
teaching and learning methods they consider to be best, and students have
the right to participate in the formulation of educational policies.
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- Admission
Requirements:
- Access to higher education is based on the
Certificate of Completed Secondary Education or a Diploma from a
professional, specialized, or technical institution.
- Higher educational institutions almost
universally require admission examinations.
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- First
Degree Programmes:
- First degree programmes in the Russian
Federation are of four types: two-year programmes leading to the
Certificates/Diplomas of Incomplete Higher Education; four-year programmes
leading to a bakalavr (Bachelor) degrees; Diploma of Specialist programmes
which require five years of study to complete; and two-year programmes,
requiring the bakalavr for admission, leading to the degree of Magistr.
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- Certificate/Diploma of Incomplete Higher
Education programmes are referred to as Level I programmes. Students who
have a Level I Certificate or Diploma have not completed their higher
education. However, they are able to find a place in the workforce, as
there are jobs that require only two years of study, rather than a degree.
- The four-year programme leading to a title
of bakalavr covers humanities, economics, and natural sciences, as well as
some practical professional training.
It is designed to provide a “basic academic education”.
Bakalavr programmes are referred to as Level II programmes.
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- Diploma of Specialist programmes are
designed as professional training programmes for students who choose to
pursue the practical applications of their specialization. The Diploma of
Specialist can be earned in one of two ways.
It can be awarded after five years of study after the Certificate
of Completed Secondary Education (as it was during the Soviet era) or
after completion of at least 1.5 years of study after the bakalavr degree.
Diploma of Specialist programmes are referred to as Level III programmes
and as such, they bridge undergraduate and postgraduate study.
In the Russian Federation, the Diploma of Specialist is legally
equivalent to the magistr (Master) degree.
- The two-year programme leading to the title
of magistr (Master) is a Level III programme.
The programme requires a bakalavr in the same field of study for
admission. The degree is awarded with mention of the given discipline or
field and the specialization. Since many students continue their studies
at the same institution, they may receive only a magistr degree without
having first received the bakalavr.
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- Postgraduate
Programmes:
- Postgraduate studies are open to persons
having completed any educational or professional programme at Level III.
Postgraduate courses constitute the main form of graduate training
for academic staff members. Practice teaching is obligatory for graduate students who
terminate their formal studies with the preparation and defense of a
dissertation. Two programmes are offered: the Kandidat Nauk (Candidate of
Science) and Doktor Nauk (Doctor of Science).
Students take qualifying examinations for admission and must
complete a dissertation for the Candidate of Science. The degree is based
solely on research and dissertation.
- The degree of Doktor Nauk is the highest
degree awarded in the Russian Federation. It is an advanced degree
conferred upon a person already holding the advanced degree of Candidate
of Science, usually in the same field of specialization.
It requires completion of significant contribution to the field of
study, extensive publications, and a dissertation.
It represents completion of post-doctoral research.
- Grading
Scale:
- Russian
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- Translation
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- Ontario Grade
Equivalent
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- Otlichno
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- excellent
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- A
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- Khorosho
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- good
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- B
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- udovletvoritel’no
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- satisfactory
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- C
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- zachet *
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- pass, credited
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- Pass
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- * a grade of “Pass” is awarded in cases
where no final examination is offered for a course, or when a course
covering two or more semesters of study is undertaken; upon completion of
the course sequence an examination is taken and a final grade is awarded.
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