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- EDUCATION OVERVIEW
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- ADMINISTRATION AND FINANCE
- India
is a union comprised of twenty-five states and seven territories. The
Constitution provides directives regarding the development of education
throughout the country. Education is managed through a partnership of the
central and state governments; the central government established broad
education policies for school curricula development and management
practices, which serve as guidelines to the states.
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- Curriculum development in India is in most
cases formulated through the National Policy on Education, which includes
broad guidelines regarding the content and process of education at different
stages. The guidelines are further elaborated by the National Council of
Educational Research and Training (NCERT), which is responsible for the
overall design of the curricula, syllabi, and instructional materials.
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- Education
is primarily funded by the Central and State Governments, with some funding
from local authorities and a significant amount of funding from a variety of
private sources. 3.4% of the Gross National Product is allocated for
educational expenditures.
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- SIZE
- Approximately 179,000,000 pupils are enrolled
in schools at the elementary and secondary levels.
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- STRUCTURE
- The common education structure at the school
level follows the pattern of ’10 + 2’; ten years of basic education,
followed by two years of upper secondary school. Classes and grade levels
have different names depending on the state in which instruction takes
place. Terminology for school leaving examinations can be confusing as it
also varies.
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basic structure for schooling is comprised of eight years of elementary
education; five years of lower elementary (Standards I to V), three years of
higher elementary (Standards VI to VIII).
This is followed by two years of secondary education (Standards IX
and X). At the end of ten years
of schooling a Secondary School Certificate is awarded upon passing the
examinations set by the relevant State or Central Board of Secondary
Education. Students who wish to
continue for higher studies must complete a two-year higher secondary
programme (Standards XI and XII), which culminates in the Higher Secondary
Certificate or Standard XII examination certificate. This certificate is the
minimum requirement for admission to degree programs at Indian universities.
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- Higher education in India is offered at
universities, institutes of technology, agricultural universities, and
‘institutions deemed to be universities’ by Acts of parliament. Most
universities are established by acts of state legislatures, with only a few
being established by Acts of parliament or the federal legislature.
The above mentioned are the only institutions authorized to award
degrees. A plethora of degree programs are offered at higher educational
institutions, the majority being three years in length for the award of a
bachelors degree (four, in engineering fields), followed by one and two year
postgraduate diplomas and master’s degrees and three-year doctoral
degrees.
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- PRIVATE AND PUBLIC
EDUCATION
- Private education exists at all levels in
India. At the school-level,
there are a number of prestigious private schools. In the vocational and
technical sectors, private institutions coexist with government and
government-aided institutions. At
the higher level, most of the affiliated colleges are private, although
universities to which they are affiliated are public state or central
institutions.
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- ACADEMIC YEAR
- The academic calendar at all levels usually
begins in July and ends in April. There
are three terms of 200 school days.
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- TEACHER TRAINING
- Elementary
teachers are trained in two-year Teacher Training Institutes (TTIs) attached
to State and university departments of education.
Secondary teachers are required to hold a Bachelor’s degree in
Education or in a few instances a Bachelor of Teaching.
The Bed/BT requires one year of fulltime study following a Bachelor
degree, normally in arts, science, or commerce.
Teachers at the upper secondary level normally are required to hold a
master’s degree in their area of teaching specialization.
Instructors in technical and vocational schools are normally trained
in Central Training Institutes (CTIs), which offer one-year courses
providing training in skills development and principles of teaching.
Graduates of these institutions are awarded an Instructor Training
Certificate.
Revised: May 06, 2004
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Copyright © 2001 World Education Services.
All rights reserved.
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